Religion and the science of the soul and consciousness (critical notes)

Every person who sincerely believes, belonging or not to one or another confession, believes in any case that he has a soul - a messenger of another world, making him not only alive and able to apply himself to various life circumstances, but also showing him the way forward, as if forcing him to set goals and plan his future, thereby realizing himself as an amateur person in this progressive motion.
Probably, as a result of the emergence of this state of awareness of oneself to a certain extent separated from everything else and the strengthening over time of this understanding of oneself, along with the term "soul", the concept of "consciousness" appeared, with which science tried to replace the concept of "soul", thereby trying to to separate a person from the other world, linking a person's desire for knowledge with his living essence.
However, this attempt was only partially successful, since in fact the soul, or consciousness, whatever you call this impalpable essence, is not amenable to either contemplation or research, remaining completely unknown in its undoubted presence in a living person and not only, since consciousness is inherent in in general, all living beings.
This presence forced mankind, at least by some indirect signs, to try to somehow define this unknown, but, nevertheless, the most important thing in any life, since without it there is no life.
Religion laid the foundation for such attempts, and only then science joined them.
The results of these attempts are briefly shown below, and it must be said that they are disappointing in a purely exploratory aspect.
Let's consider the acquired concepts about soul (consciousness) from the point of view of world religions, and then - from the point of view of science, having noted thus that these concepts the religion suggests to take as trust, and science - by means of these or those proofs. Besides, we on a critical basis will try to compare the concepts developed by them and to identify common features of their approaches in order to be sure whether the soul and the possibility of reincarnation (metamorphosis) of the soul is being recognized directly or indirectly by the world religions, as well as whether modern scientific views converge in these approaches with religion.
All initial world religions into the main streams recognize soul existence, defining soul in its own way, but always keeping in mind that the soul is the conscious part of the person moreover she continues to exist and when the body was lost. Idea of a repeated embodiment of soul in another body in the form of a chain of the corresponding embodiments is admitted by all initial religious streams, at least, at an initial and not turbid stage of emergence of religious confessions.
Let's consider all this slightly in more detail.
The most ancient religious trend is Hinduism.
Hinduism considers that outside the physical world there is the single and invariable eternal spirit (Brahman). Soul (Atman) of each being is part of this spirit. The majority of Hindus believes that soul is eternal, initial, true essence of each person. When the body perishes, the soul goes into another body where continues new life. Soul is substance which learns the world. A soul goes out of self-cognitive soul of the Universe, then it is being embodied in a person and after his death it comes back in self-cognitive substance of the world. The consciousness of the personality is not being saved, but the accumulated experience and information remain. The consciousness is not present after death. And experience in individual soul remains and it is used in a new embodiment. Soul, thus, consists of self-cognitive elements, which only gather in the specific person for the period of his life, then after death soul is being disintegrated on universal Atman's parts.
The destiny of soul in each new life is determined by its behavior in former embodiments so as no sin remains without the punishment, any virtue – without award. A person receives that and another, if not in this life, then in the subsequent embodiments of soul. Thus, level of every soul depends on behavior of the person at its embodiments.
The idea of repeated embodiments of soul is connected with concept of karma (action) and it is explained in detail in "Upaniṣad". In brief, the karma is the influence of set of actions of a person on his subsequent embodiments. The karma as though sets in motion a wheel or circulation of life and death (sansara).
Worldly pleasures are not sinful, but they cannot bring internal happiness, so the world is similar to a dream - it is transient and illusory. Bodies are created according to desires of soul. Soul can find any of bodies in order to fulfill own desires.
After a row of births of a soul is being disappointed in fleeting pleasures and starts looking for the highest (spiritual) forms of pleasure.
In other words, soul realizes that the body is not its true nature, but own spirit is itsr nature. In this case a soul is not born any more, it is being exempted from Sansara and reaches rescue (Moksha) when all material desires cease.
Thus, soul during human life gains experience of terrestrial affairs, preparing for further transition to higher worlds.
Therefore, the embodiments in the human shape are not punishment for a fall of a person (how it is sometimes treated in Christianity), and life on Earth is not only useless suffering (the main concept of the Buddhism).
Hinduism claims, that the terrestrial life with its duties (right up to duties of the soldier to protect the society) is the necessary condition of the preparation of soul to the subsequent higher levels of development, - right up to the merger with Supreme Spirit. All events are considered only as the source of information and experience for developing souls. The need for actions remains at the following level of an embodiment of soul. But the priority of the purposes is being changed for each soul at the certain stage — the priority of actions at an initial stage of development of the human soul is being replaced by a priority of the estrangement and the comprehension of the highest spiritual essence of the world. Then soul is being reborn into a divine state and important phase of priority of actions comes for this level also.
The sacred books of Hinduism consider four purposes for the human life. It is wealth and the power, pleasure and the satisfaction of desires, the correct behavior, the deliverance from a cycle of the regenerations. Two last purposes are considered as the main.
One of the directions of Hinduism, Advaita-vedanta, considers that after achievement of the final deliverance, or the rescue (Moksha), soul (Atman) stops the existence as individuality and it is being dissolved in uniform and indivisible, impersonal universal spirit (Brahman), remaining forever in a state of pleasure.
Buddhism concerning soul and reincarnation almost nothing differs from Hinduism. Buddhism considers the eternal life as an infinite sequence of transformations by a way of the change of the body shells. Thus, the acts of a person influence his essence: he receives or sufferings and humiliations, or the joy and well-being. Thus, his acts (karma) definite a fate of a person in this life and the subsequent embodiments. The relation to life as suffering is characteristic for Buddhism. Only a person can make the decision on an exit from a circle of sufferings (sansara). At this, it should be noted that, unlike Hinduism which considers gods by various embodiments of the Brahman, Buddhism, how Buddha has spoken, considers that gods are thought-forms of the religious people. In other words, Hinduism perceives the world as the reality created by the highest essence, while Buddhism perceives the world as games of the mind created by a person.
Buddha's last embodiments in various bodies are described in "Dzhatakh" (Stories about birth), it is told there also how a person can reach the spiritual enlightenment. The body has to die, and "eternal "I" continue to live, and the illusion of the corporal pleasure is the main obstacle for achievement of the spiritual enlightenment.
According to the main direction of Buddhism, Mahajana, only reality is Buddha's state. The ignorance, attachment, disgust prevent the awareness of the state of Buddha. If a person manages to overcome them, he leaves the world of the illusory life and reaches the state of nirvana. Nirvana is considered as reverse side of existence in the regeneration circulation (Sansara wheel): if a person reached nirvana, he crosses the limits of the circulation of births and death, but he does not lose opportunity to reveal oneself and in the Sansara world. Thus, the reincarnation in Buddhism implies the development of the living being during which it leaves the world of sufferings of Sansara and it is being plunged into pleasure (nirvana).
Daoism in China as well Buddhism, does not deny the reincarnation: it is said in "Zhuang-tszy", one of the main works of Daoism, that the birth is not the beginning, and death is not the end, there is a boundless life, a continuation without the beginning, life outside of space, continuity without the beginning in time.
Shintoism in Japan acknowledges possibility of reincarnation too, considering that soul embodied in a new body, does not keep memories of the previous embodiments, but it can demonstrate the skills acquired in the former lives.
Views of Judaism on reincarnation of soul are divided. The Jewish historian Iosif Flavy in "Judaic war" writes: "Souls on their (Pharisees) opinion, are immortal everything, but only souls of kind persons resettle after their death in other bodies, but souls of evil persons are doomed to eternal torments. Sadducees deny immortality of soul and any afterlife reward.
Reincarnation was recognized by such Jewish rabbis as Abraham Ben-Hiya, Levi of ibn-Habib, Nachmani, Bahya Ben asher, Itzhak Luriya, Shlomo Alkabetz, Chaim Vital and by the founder of the Hasidism Baal Shem Tov. Substantiation of reincarnation arises for them from the problem of good god and the evil world: the suffering of pious people, innocent children in this life is being explained by their wrong behavior in past lives. Reincarnation laws are described in the work of Itzhak Luriya and Haim Vital "Shaar Ha-gilgulim" (Reincarnation gate).
Christianity, apparently, adopted originally idea of reincarnation from Neoplatonists and Judaism. Proof of this is the following.
Christ said in the Gospel, the unquestioned authority of Christian church: "And pupils asked Him: "How does say scribes that Eli has to come before?" And Christ told them in reply: "Yes, Eli has to come before and arrange everything: but I say to you that Eli already came, both you didn't recognize him and did with him as wanted; so, and the human Son will suffer from them". Then pupils understood that He speaks about John Baptist". (The Gospel from Matthew, chap. 17). We will give also Christ's conversation with Nicodemus: "Nicodemus speaks: how the person can be born, being old? Really he can enter another time into womb of the mother and be born? Jesus answered: truly, truly I speak to you: if you aren't born from water and from Spirit you can't enter God's Kingdom. Born from flesh is flesh; and born from Spirit is spirit. Nicodemus told in reply: how it can be? Jesus answered: you are teacher of Israel, and you don't know it?" (The Gospel from John, chap. 3). About the subsequent embodiments of soul tell also Christ's such words: "Truly I speak to you: there is nobody who would leave the house, either brothers, or sisters, either the father, or mother, either the wife, or children, or the earth for the sake of Me and the Gospel and would be not received in this time, among persecutions, a hundred times more houses, and brothers, and sisters, and fathers, and mothers, and children, and lands. And in the future – to the eternal life" (The Gospel from Mark, chap. 10).
Origen (the theologian), recognized by church, as the Teacher, in the work "About Beginnings" (Riga. T. Butsen's publishing house. 1936) writes: "The nature of souls is not various. It is one at all. And if they agree that the same potter means, undoubtedly, one Creator, it is obvious, being rescued and perishing souls are created not by various creators. God does pots by honourable or low on the basis of the previous reasons, the proof of the God's truth does not meet any obstacle" (p. 226). Origen also specifies the reason of the change of souls in this or that side: "Everybody whom He created, He created equal and similar because He had not reason for a variety and distinction. But so as the reasonable beings are gifted with ability of liberty, freedom of will of everyone or has resulted to the perfection through the imitation to God, or entailed to falling through the neglect. And in it how we already spoke above, the distinction reason between the reasonable creatures consists: this distinction received the beginning not from the will or the decision of Creator, but from the definition of own liberty (creatures). God, recognizing by fair to control by the creation in compliance with his merits, directed this distinction of minds to the harmony of a single world. He created as though one house in which have to be jars not only golden and silver, but also wooden, both earthenware, and some jars for the honourable use, others for the low. It is, I think, the variety reasons in the world; divine providence controls by each being respectively to movement or desire of soul. At such understanding Creator is not unfair because he comes with everyone on merits, in compliance with the previous reasons; the happiness or misfortune of the birth of everyone and all other conditions are not being admitted by casual, and, at last, existence of various creators or distinction of souls by the nature is not asserted" (p. 161). "… Creator provided to minds, created by him, random and free movements, of course, in order that the good was their own good in case if it will be saved on their own will" (page 156). "Soul, how we often speak, is immortal and eternal; therefore, we think that throughout numerous and infinitely huge and various centuries, she can condescend from the highest good to the extreme evil or from the extreme evil she can come back to the highest good" (p. 277).
Origen also writes and about the community of souls in the human civilizations: "God, everything that occurs in the world, turns on the general benefit and directs to the general prosperity of all beingness; those very creatures, who are being so far removed from each other due to the diversity of souls, lead to some consent in activity in order to they, though by various motions of their souls, but after all worked for the completeness and the perfection of a single world. Their various motions go head skillfully to harmony and benefit of a united world; so, some beings need the help, others can help them, others excite abuses and competitions against the successful and all this in order to the zeal of these latter was revealed in the Struggle, and after a victory the estate, acquired by them by difficulties and sufferings, was saved more reliably." (p. 109).
However further, there was accepted the opinion that resettlement of souls is impossible in 553 AD on the Fifth Universal Cathedral in fierce fight. Souls are immortal and wait for the hour of the Last Judgement to revive together with Messiah arrival. Thereby, the church doctrine actually tried to eliminate the principle of the freedom of the will, along with this the conjuncture consideration of unconditional submission of believers to the solutions of the highest church Cathedrals, as well as to any authorities was taken as the basic position of church. As a result, in Christianity since that time it has appeared the opportunity to be as righteous now, instead of to strive to perfection both in this and in future lives. Confirmation to it, for example, is the doctrine about infallibility of the Pope, still existing in Catholic Church. Whole cohorts of "saints" appeared immediately, i. e. - infallible righteous persons approved as those not by divine Providence, but by special Church commissions. As a result, Christian church in the face of Catholics, having cancelled Christ's principles actually and having built at the center the dogmatism and the intolerance, has initiated own decay and decomposition as well as significantly slowed down the development of society and set up in it "the mine" of the final crisis: if there is no the inevitable punishment for crimes, low deeds and thoughts, it is possible not to be afraid to do anything, having paid off from God's court by the indulgence.
Let's consider the main arguments of the fathers of Christian Church which they cause into advantage of denial of reincarnation.
1. If a person is being reincarnated the infinite number of times, why he remembers nothing about the former lives and doesn't draw conclusions from the made mistakes?
2. How a person - a creation wreath - can turn into fish or a small insect?
3. The number of people grows, and the amount of souls remains, by definition, invariable. How then God's spark suffices for all persons?
4. How can we know for certain that intrusive reminiscences are a memory of a past life, but not the demonic tricks?
These arguments, in the light of the doctrine about the repeated embodiments about which, as we showed above, Christ spoke, aren't serious.
Here are the objections by the first argument.
A person doesn't remember own former embodiments so as the body is the one-off tool during travel of the soul which was being embodied many times and which remembers all embodiments, but temporarily blocks this memory at the next embodiment in order to avoid the loss of freedom of the will and for independent elimination of mistakes, rather than using the hints from a past life; for the solution of new tasks, and not to return to the old stereotypes and aspirations. The balance of mistakes is important at coexistence of soul and a body: what is pleasant for a body, as a rule, is harmful to the development of the soul. If this balance is being tilted to soul she has the prospect of development, if - in favor of the body, this prospect is absent for her. The body can suffer or be lost, but the soul will rise, if it was done for a good cause.
Here are objections by the second argument.
The soul of a reasonable being is a particle of Supreme being and she can't be lowered up to the level of the soul of unreasonable creature, no matter what is happening in life of the reasonable being.
Here are objections by the third argument.
None of the people do not know anything about God's spark, about the number of souls and cannot know, but even if we assume that the number of souls is invariably, it doesn't contradict to the growth of number of people. Here the number of souls grows, and there – in other worlds - it decreases. The sum doesn't change.
Here are objections by the fourth argument.
Demons in the God's world are absent otherwise this world would not be God's world. There are not demons, but only undeveloped and therefore largely erring souls, taken for demons.
Islam isn't considered in this context, because it appeared on a basis Christianity and Judaism much more centuries after the specified religious trends, at this, Islam is, mostly, the set of customs, instead of religious dogmas so as Koran in details doesn't discuss the main theological and philosophical problems.
Thus, all initial world religions recognize the existence of an immortal soul and directly or indirectly recognize "the mechanism" of the relocation of souls out of one measurement in another, which these religions name by repeated embodiment of souls (reincarnation). The deviation from this recognition by Christian church from the sixth century of a new era up to present time is caused, apparently, by refusal from idea of reincarnation on a number of reasons, and conjunctural considerations of church hierarchy were basic. Nevertheless, Schopenhauer writes about it so: "In Christianity the doctrine about resettlement of souls and about atonement of all sins of former life is replaced with the doctrine about original sin (a fall of human), i.e. about atonement of a sin of another individual. So, both of these doctrines (the first – directly, the second – indirectly) identify, and with a moral bias, of this person with then person who lived earlier." [1, p. 646].
The science, as that, conducts any researches in the conditions of our material dense three-dimensional world (from the perspective of spatial measurements) on the basis of repeatability of these or those processes, i.e. information on processes and phenomena has to be fixed independently and has to be verifiable. Therefore, the science cannot submit any data about a particle of Supreme Mind - soul, about her structure, true motives of actions, etc. due to the fact that soul is the representative of another measurement, has another elemental basis, submits to other laws, unknown to our science.
Nevertheless, the modern science is capable to obtain some indirect evidences of existence of soul and her actions. Now the science came nearer to comprehension of the fact that the body of the person is similar to the biological robot, and this body is incapable to produce the consciousness independently. As it was found out in a number of experiments of physicists and psychologists, the body does not have the required elemental basis to produce consciousness.
In other words, it was proved that the brain is not bound to consciousness.
The philosopher A.I. Vvedensky in 1914 formulated the law of "the lack of the objective signs of the animateness". The meaning of this law is that the role of psyche in the system of the material processes of a regulation of behavior is absolutely imperceptible and any thinkable bridge does not exist between the activity of a brain and the area of the mental or spiritual phenomena, including consciousness. Professor of the Moscow State University Nikolai Kobozev has shown in the monograph that neither cells, nor molecules, even atoms cannot be responsible for the processes of thinking and memory. [2, p. 85].
Therefore, we have to admit that for the manifestation of consciousness, another, extraneous, source is needed, under the influence of which a living being is formed in the form of an organism that has consciousness of one level or another.
In particular, a person is a being that, like all other beings, has the lowest-level consciousness (natural), but also has self-consciousness, which helps him understand his temporary stay in the world of events and communication.
Such system in the face of a person has the ability to improve in communication with similar structures. Communities of these symbiotic systems in turn form an evolving society or civilization, developing most quickly.
Consciousness is considered by the external manifestation of soul in a person, i.e. consciousness is the process of awareness by a person of himself as an active and independent subject in society of similar subjects. This subject is capable to project mentally at a certain stage of his development the actions on the basis of foreseeing of their consequences, to work according to goals and to bear responsibility for the actions, continuously changing thereby the level of the consciousness.
Materialism considers that the human consciousness is produced by the brain, i.e. consciousness is a product of matter.
From the point of view of idealism any consciousness is an ego, "I", spirit, soul — non-material, invisible, spiritualizing, eternal, never-dying energy.
It is clear now that both of these definitions are not true.
The modern science has defined by experiments that the brain cannot produce consciousness. For example, the fact that the consciousness exists irrespective of a brain, was confirmed by researches conducted by physiologists under the direction of Pim van Lommel. Results of experiment were published in the biological English magazine "The Lancet". "The consciousness exists even after once the brain ceased to function. In other words, consciousness "lives" by itself, absolutely independently. As for a brain, it is not a thinking stuff, but the organ, as any another organ, carrying out strictly particular functions. Very much can be, a thinking stuff, even in principle, does not exist", -the head of research well-known scientist Pim van Lommel declared" [3].
The explanation of the fact that consciousness can exist independently, Stewart Hameroff from university of Arizona in the USA and the British physicist Roger Penrose tried to give. They explained postmortem experience from the point of view of a quantum theory of consciousness. The soul of a person is contained in microtubules or the micro canaliculus being in neurons. Nowadays scientists prove: microtubules on the structure approach best of all to be carriers of quantum properties in a brain, so as they can keep the long time quantum states, i. e to work as the quantum computers. "When heart ceases to supply with blood a brain, microtubules would be discharged. - Hameroff explains. – However, the information saved up in them, does not collapse, does not vanish, and goes to space". Carriers of quantum information and, therefore, souls, according to professor, are weaved from a certain material. They are located in cells of a brain and when the dying person starts seeing the characteristic pictures, it is explained by effect of quantum gravitation in microtubules, or by loss of a quantum state of microtubules when the soul gradually leaves a body. Thereby, information which was concluded earlier in microtubules, is not destroyed, and only slowly leaves a body [4].
"When a person dies, the quantum information the indefinite time exists outside a body. It is soul", - Hameroff considers. According to him, the human souls are created from a certain material, "much more fundamental, than neurons, from the fabric of the Universe". "I think that consciousness always existed in the Universe. Probably, it existed since the Big Bang", - professor speaks. According to him, when a person dies and the body decays, the quantum information (soul of a person), being contained in microtubules (proteinaceous intracellular structures), is not being destroyed, and extends in space. The scientist explained: "When heart stopped, and blood ceases to flow on vessels, microtubules lose the quantum condition. But quantum information which contains in them does not collapse. It cannot disappear, therefore, it is being dissipated on the Universe” [ibid.].
In turn, the statement of idealists about consciousness as non-material energy looks not only unsubstantiated, but also false as the concepts "non-material" and "energy" contradict each other.
It is known that energy is some binding of all types of a matter and it is the quantitative measure of motion. Energy passes from one form into another. In other words, energy is the manifestation of motion of a matter. Therefore, the term "non-material energy" is inappropriate and non-material, or absolutely incorporeal, simply does not happen, bearing in mind the mass of motion. Even "Nothingness" is, on the one hand, a degenerate matter, and on the other hand – a not born matter, more exact - "Nothingness" is a source of all reality so as it potentially contains "Everything" and it can be "equated", in particular, to wave formations in the antiphase so as waves, divorced in the antiphase, in the sum give zero. In other words, lack of substance in an explicit form can be only outside time and outside space, i. e. - in "Nothingness", in zero, containing, nevertheless, potentially "Everything" with opportunity to unwrap this "Everything" [5].
Actually, we, being in three-measurement world, may express only various hypotheses about a singularity point, or "Nothingness", but these hypotheses will become never by the theory.
The term "matter" is far from an ideal and it is inaccurate abstraction as far as it is applicable only for space-time measurements, and the point of a singularity from which as it is considered, universes arise and in which they as it is supposed by the modern views, are being shrunk, is outside time and outside space.
It should be noted also that materialism treats matter as the initial substance displayed by our sensations, but existing irrespective of them, and counterposes matter to ideal consciousness.
So as the science can investigate subjects and the phenomena of only our measurement of our Universe, it has the right the term "the matter" to use only in relation to the substance of our measurement. Everything, that is in our measurement, there is its substance. It cannot contain anything of the incorporeal, or - the ideal. Therefore, not only atoms, molecules, radiations, the complex field formations make substance and have a rest-mass or mass of motion, but also thoughts, feelings emanating from the relevant organs of the body, cannot be separated from it, unlike consciousness, which does not belong to the body, but on the contrary, it is it that forms it by successively changing it, from superhigh-frequency wave-like formations of the hologram, of which it is a particle. The hologram itself is a projection of timeless infinity [ibid].
However, consciousness itself is able to form reality, including the bodies of living beings, only with their participation, more precisely, with the participation of their sense organs and centers that process the information coming through these organs, representing a kind of the phenomenon of egg and chicken, but only with the help of a single consciousness [ibid.].
Thus. a projection of a timeless infinity and the current reality cannot function without each other, being sides of the same coin, their “duties” are distributed as follows: a projection of timeless infinity has the function of an informational “bridge” (its role is played by a single consciousness of a projection) between timeless infinity (source of information) and beingness (consumer of information in the form of alive). Along with that, the processing of information coming from timeless infinity into beingness through the projection of timeless infinity and converting information into time, that is, into the current reality with all its attributes, in which alive is already capable of producing information, lies with the living beings, but the control of the actions of each individual consciousness and ensuring the maintenance of the infrastructure for the existence of the living beings is carried out by a single consciousness, which coincides like a hologram with each of its particles - individual consciousness. A single consciousness is also a database, concentrating all the information produced by alive.
This ability of alive to produce, consume, convert and transmit information appears due to the unification of the copies of the active and the passive, "supplied" by a projection of a timeless infinity, in one form or another, having the receptors and the information processing centers. In this respect, being with its current time is a derivative formation of a projection of a timeless infinity, representing a single consciousness.
Similar combination of the active and the passive in beingness provides through the genome the programmed growth, metabolism, reproduction and development of organisms in a suitable infrastructure (environment).
The key to the presented model of Creation is a projection of an infinity out of time, providing a connection between an infinity out of time and beingness, as well as the storage of information, generated by alive; the “energy” of this system is presented by the active (consciousness), and the material of this system is presented by the shapeless passive [5].
Such projection of an infinity out of time can only be a hologram [6]: in a hologram, any part of it repeats the whole.
The hologram itself is a high-frequency formation as a product of the superimposition of several coherent waves, which gives a stationary interference pattern, since the phase difference of the waves does not change.
In a hologram, each particle of the active does not lose its unity with the entire single-multiple infinite set of the active particles, and therefore can, in particular, with the help of this unity, to recognize, read and copy from an infinity out of time by means and methods, which it is available, necessary for own existence the things in their connection, recognizing them in accordance with own mind (intellect), coupled with form-building abilities so, as it wants and can, updating every "moment", that is, discrete, but infinitely, a holographic projection as a quasi-temporary basis for one's own existence in the current reality in the form of a living thing in this information process.
Particles-copies of the active (consciousness), in the association with copies of the passive in a current reality, are able thereby to receive from an infinity out of time the “necessary” copies of things (passive) for them to replace existing copies of things in beingness, including replacing own material base, as well as updating also themselves.
This information process of the interaction of an infinity out of time, where everything is inseparably, and the holographic projection, where the active and the passive are separated, requires for interaction of the active and the passive as well as for interaction of the active with an infinity out of time the artificial union of the active and passive in one form or another of alive, the main difference of which from everything else is the ability to convert individual consecutive data packets, carrying encoded information, into objects of a current reality for their updating, including consciousness in alive.
These packets are similar to the pulsed signals from the transmitter via the ether to the television receiver, in which they are converted into a changing decorated picture on the screen.
That is, alive is also able to convert individual impulse signals containing information into a incessantly changing picture of the world due to a certain inertia of signal processing, which in the minds of any living being nullifies pauses between incoming packets of information (the positions of the update), creating a continuous change in the whole picture, in which arise already real – more or less "dense" - objects, rather than frequency information copies of the active and the passive [5].
Thus, the human individual consciousness is able to feel, think, act and develop only on the basis of the interaction of the soul (consciousness) and the body: the body without soul becomes simply the biological robot (zombie), and soul without the body though can be in our measurement, but "drops out" out of the current reality and loses opportunity to take part in it.
After some digression, let's continue to review the reasons of individual scientists on consciousness.
English researchers Peter Fenwick from the London institute of Psychiatry and Sam Parnia from the Central clinic of Southampton surveyed the patients, restored to life after the cardiac standstill, and established that some of them precisely retold the content of conversations which the medical personnel had, while those were being stayed in a condition of the clinical death. Others have gave the precise description of the events, which have occurred in this time span. Sam Parnia claims that the brain as any another organ of the body, consists of cells and it is not capable to think. However, the brain can work as the device which discovers thoughts, i.e. as the antenna by means of which signals reception from the outside becomes possible.
Neuroscientist, the Nobel Prize laureate in medicine, J. Ekklz declared: neither the physiology nor the theory of evolution cannot shed light on the origin of consciousness and the nature of consciousness. The origin and the nature of consciousness is absolutely alien to all material processes in the Universe. The inner world of a person and the world of the physical realities, including the brain activity, is absolutely self-contained independent worlds which only interact and to some extent influence on each other.
Such large experts, as Karl Leshli (the American scientist, the director of laboratory of biology of primates in Orange Park (Florida), studying mechanisms of work of a brain) and the doctor of the Harward University Edward Tolmen, echoed this.
Facts, saved up by the science in the set prove that after physical death each out of living persons inherits another reality, keeping the consciousness.
There is number of characteristics of consciousness received by means of experiments and supervisions of scientists, investigating this problem. These characteristics were listed by A. V. Mikheyev, the research associate of the St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University in report on the international symposium "Life after death: from belief to knowledge" which took place on April 8-9, 2005 in St. Petersburg:
"1. There is so-called "the thin body", being the carrier of self-consciousness, memory, emotions and "internal life" of a person. This body exists … after physical death, being during the life time of a physical body by "his parallel component", which provides above-mentioned processes. A physical body — only the intermediary for their manifestation on physical (terrestrial) level.
2. Life of an individual does not come to an end with the current terrestrial death. Survival after death — the natural law for a person.
3. The next reality is divided into a large number of levels which vary on the frequency characteristics of their components.
4. The destination of the person upon postmortem transition is defined by setting on the particular level, being total result of his thoughts, feelings and acts during lifetime on Earth. Just as the spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation, emitted by the chemical substance, depends on its structure, in the same way the postmortem destination of a person is determined by "the composite characteristic" of his internal life.
5. The concepts "Paradise and Hell" reflect two polarities of possible postmortem states.
6. In addition to similar polar states a number of the intermediate takes place. The choice of an adequate state is being defined automatically by the rational-emotional "pattern" created by a person at his terrestrial life. For this reason, negative emotions, violence, aspiration to destruction and fanaticism,
no matter how they justify outwardly, are extremely pernicious in this regard for further destiny of a person. That is a solid substantiation for the personal responsibility and ethical principles." [7].
The conclusions of Mikheyev quite correlate with the Bohm theory that our Universe is hologram, or the image imposed on wave substance. And "parallel component", called Mikheyev by soul, quite can, as the wave structure, interact with another, imposed on the wave, structure, i.e. by body. Thus, apparently, not the body produces consciousness, but soul converts the body into a living being, as well as from simply alive into self-conscious state, it controls it implicitly, and consciousness becomes by the external manifestation of that. And in this regard, consciousness (soul) is immeasurably above in comparison with a body in hierarchy of substances [6]. But consciousness, separated from a body, cannot produce any actions in our world. This consciousness (soul)– the newcomer from another world with other laws. From here the adequate conclusion can be only one: the body serves in order that soul could enter our world and act through a body in it, more precisely, interact with it.
In this respect, the views of modern science, at least in the above-mentioned considerations of well-known scientists, coincide with the views of religion on the soul (consciousness).
The relation of the science to reincarnation is more complex. If the existence of soul can be fixed on indirect signs, but on signs, which are very convincing, then the indirect sign of reincarnation, essentially, maybe only one: memories of people about the former lives which can be checked.
However, there are two objective difficulties: first, blocking of memory of former lives which can be "broken" only thanks to random circumstances, secondly, as a rule, existence of wide intervals of terrestrial years between the incarnations of the soul.
Therefore, the statistical material cannot be large on the volume basis and its reliability can raise many doubts. Nevertheless, such researches were conducted by Yan Stevenson, the Canadian-American psychiatrist, which has studied the cases, when people (mainly — children aged from two till four years) were remembering that they already lived before. Children were giving the verifiable facts and they were describing events, bound to the hypothetical previous life. The quantity of the cases described by Stephenson exceeds two thousand. According to statements of the author, he investigated only the cases, when contents of th memoirs could be documented, and he found the documentary proofs of many cases, concerning the past lives: the names of the relatives were confirmed, the residence description, other verifiable details also were confirmed. Besides, Stevenson tried to compare various congenital defects and birthmarks at surveyed children with the data on damages, scars, uglinesses and wounds on bodies of those who was considered by their previous reincarnation. From the point of view of Stevenson, the repeated embodiment represents survival of a personality after death. Thus, Stevenson considers that similar survival is not bound to any physical process [8].
The opinions on Stevenson's works in scientific community were shared: certain scientists called in question his methods of researches and the conclusions which he did. However, many considered that its work was carried out with due scientific rigor.
The psychotherapy also provides the considerable number of proofs of reincarnation as far as it can deduce unconscious memoirs into consciousness and, thereby, it overcomes blocking between consciousness and subconscious. In many cases during treatment by hypnosis for the neutralization of these or those subconscious memories of negative events have been found the explicit memoirs from the antecedents. And when they were aware of, patients could solve the current problems and recovered often [9].
Let's note also that according to polls of Institute of Gallup, apparently, intuitively the idea of reincarnation is being shared by a majority of the population of the planet.
It is possible to note and that numerous evidences of Tibetan lamas are the practical confirmation of reincarnation.
Besides, now memories of children about the antecedents are being studied in a number of the countries. There is the special institute in India fixing and studying similar cases (about one hundred during year). This phenomenon is being studied in the USA and in Bulgaria. The matter is that children of several years of age often precisely describe a place where they lived earlier, they describe former relatives, sometimes they tell about the hidden things. Psychologists explain this by the fact that the barrier between consciousness and subconscious mind (information on last incarnations can be stored in it) is being formed with age.
Idea of reincarnation was supported by such great figures of our civilization, as Giordano Bruno, Voltaire, Benjamin Franklin, Karl Jung, Lev Tolstoy, Napoleon, Johann Goethe, William Yeats, Paul Gauguin, the Henry Ford and many others.
It is curious that philosopher Schopenhauer denying existence of eternal souls too actually have used the idea of reincarnation, having converted it in the theory "The world as will and representation", in which he replaced the eternal reasonable soul with the eternal unreasonable will. The statement of science of that time in that the consciousness is considered derivative of a brain and perishes together with a body, is the basis of this approach. Schopenhauer writes: "Consciousness is the life of the subject of knowledge or a brain, death – its end. Therefore, consciousness is finite, the consciousness is always new and consciousness is being started anew each time."[1, p. 638].
Further Schopenhauer develops the idea as follows: "The internal essence of our world is our will. The phenomena of the world are our representation. For someone, who could clearly realize this unity, the difference between the future existence of the external world after his personal death and his own existence after death would disappear" [1, p. 620]. "…intellect – a derivative phenomenon caused by a brain, and therefore he together with him is born and disappears. The will one is the causing beginning, a germ of phenomenon from its forms, to which belongs time - free, consequently - indestructible. Thus, the consciousness perishes with death, but does not perish that has generated and maintained that consciousness" [1, p. 632-633]. "… intellect came out from under the power of nature at all not for comprehension of substance of things, but only for perception of motives, in other words, - for services to some individual and temporary manifestation of the will" [1, p. 612-613]. "… the individual in itself the will … receives new intellect in new beginning and it becomes as the new being deprived of memories of the former existence because the intellect possessing the ability of memoirs, represents mortal part or a form, but the will - the eternal part, or substance; therefore, for the name of this doctrine more would be suitable "palingenesis", than "metempsychosis". These permanent revival forms the sequence of dreams of life which are dreamed in itself to the indestructible will, while she, grown wise and improved by frequent change of various knowledge in constantly updated forms, will not destroy oneself" [1, p. 641].
Schopenhauer at that time had no reliable scientific data on the independence of the soul (consciousness) from the brain. Probably for this reason, Schopenhauer substituted the soul with the will and denied its preservation after death, as well as
insisted the accession over time in a new body to the former will of new intellect, in other words, denying Supreme Mind (A single consciousness) in favor of the available beingness, he has missed the most important: the purpose of a repeated embodiment of soul in a body of the person which consists in development of soul– particle of Supreme Mind - for celebration of Supreme Mind in Creation. But Schopenhauer had put on the first place unconscious will, which remains, in his opinion, after disintegration of a body and appearing over time in a new intellectual shell that means existence of the meaningless world with intellect which emerges from somewhere on a short time and disappears after death completely.
Thereby, Schopenhauer refuses to find out the cause of mind, real existing in the person, but, on the other hand, he formally confirms need of reincarnation, which differs at him, in essence, only by replacement of Supreme Mind with Will. So it is possible, with the considerable share of confidence to tell that Schopenhauer would recognize idea of reincarnation, if he knew about independence of soul from a body.
In connection with the above, we can state that the modern science in views of reincarnation, at least, has no irreconcilable contradictions with religion.

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